Canine NAPEPLD-associated models of human myelin disorders

Canine leukoencephalomyelopathy (LEMP) is a juvenile-onset neurodegenerative disorder of the CNS white matter currently described in Rottweiler and Leonberger dogs. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) allowed us to map LEMP in a Leonberger cohort to dog chromosome 18. Subsequent whole genome re-sequencing of a Leonberger case enabled the identification of a single private homozygous non-synonymous missense variant located in the highly conserved metallo-beta-lactamase domain of the N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPEPLD) gene, encoding an enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. We then sequenced this gene in LEMP-affected Rottweilers and identified a different frameshift variant, which is predicted to replace the C-terminal metallo-beta-lactamase domain of the wild type protein. Haplotype analysis of SNP array genotypes revealed that the frameshift variant was present in diverse haplotypes in Rottweilers, and also in Great Danes, indicating an old origin of this second NAPEPLD variant. The identification of different NAPEPLD variants in dog breeds affected by leukoencephalopathies with heterogeneous pathological features, implicates the NAPEPLD enzyme as important in myelin homeostasis, and suggests a novel candidate gene for myelination disorders in people

Identification of neural networks that contribute to motion sickness through principal components analysis of fos labeling induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation

Motion sickness is a complex condition that includes both overt signs (e.g., vomiting) and more covert symptoms (e.g., anxiety and foreboding). The neural pathways that mediate these signs and symptoms are yet to identified. This study mapped the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity elicited during a galvanic vestibular stimulation paradigm that is known to induce motion sickness in felines. A principal components analysis was used to identify networks of neurons activated during this stimulus paradigm from functional correlations between Fos labeling in different nuclei. This analysis identified five principal components (neural networks) that accounted for greater than 95% of the variance in Fos labeling. Two of the components were correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and likely participated in generating the overt signs of the condition. One of these networks included neurons in locus coeruleus, medial, inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei, lateral nucleus tractus solitarius, medial parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray. The second included neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus, precerebellar nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and parabrachial nuclei, with weaker associations of raphe nuclei. Three additional components (networks) were also identified that were not correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms. These networks likely mediated the covert aspects of motion sickness, such as affective components. The identification of five statistically independent component networks associated with the development of motion sickness provides an opportunity to consider, in network activation dimensions, the complex progression of signs and symptoms that are precipitated in provocative environments. Similar methodology can be used to parse the neural networks that mediate other complex responses to environmental stimuli. © 2014 Balaban et al

Effects of Climate and Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Early to Mid-Term Stage Litter Decomposition Across Biomes

open263siWe acknowledge support by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118), Scientific Grant Agency VEGA(GrantNo.2/0101/18), as well as by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant Agreement No. 677232)Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9-1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate.openKwon T.; Shibata H.; Kepfer-Rojas S.; Schmidt I.K.; Larsen K.S.; Beier C.; Berg B.; Verheyen K.; Lamarque J.-F.; Hagedorn F.; Eisenhauer N.; Djukic I.; Caliman A.; Paquette A.; Gutierrez-Giron A.; Petraglia A.; Augustaitis A.; Saillard A.; Ruiz-Fernandez A.C.; Sousa A.I.; Lillebo A.I.; Da Rocha Gripp A.; Lamprecht A.; Bohner A.; Francez A.-J.; Malyshev A.; Andric A.; Stanisci A.; Zolles A.; Avila A.; Virkkala A.-M.; Probst A.; Ouin A.; Khuroo A.A.; Verstraeten A.; Stefanski A.; Gaxiola A.; Muys B.; Gozalo B.; Ahrends B.; Yang B.; Erschbamer B.; Rodriguez Ortiz C.E.; Christiansen C.T.; Meredieu C.; Mony C.; Nock C.; Wang C.-P.; Baum C.; Rixen C.; Delire C.; Piscart C.; Andrews C.; Rebmann C.; Branquinho C.; Jan D.; Wundram D.; Vujanovic D.; Adair E.C.; Ordonez-Regil E.; Crawford E.R.; Tropina E.F.; Hornung E.; Groner E.; Lucot E.; Gacia E.; Levesque E.; Benedito E.; Davydov E.A.; Bolzan F.P.; Maestre F.T.; Maunoury-Danger F.; Kitz F.; Hofhansl F.; Hofhansl G.; De Almeida Lobo F.; Souza F.L.; Zehetner F.; Koffi F.K.; Wohlfahrt G.; Certini G.; Pinha G.D.; Gonzlez G.; Canut G.; Pauli H.; Bahamonde H.A.; Feldhaar H.; Jger H.; Serrano H.C.; Verheyden H.; Bruelheide H.; Meesenburg H.; Jungkunst H.; Jactel H.; Kurokawa H.; Yesilonis I.; Melece I.; Van Halder I.; Quiros I.G.; Fekete I.; Ostonen I.; Borovsk J.; Roales J.; Shoqeir J.H.; Jean-Christophe Lata J.; Probst J.-L.; Vijayanathan J.; Dolezal J.; Sanchez-Cabeza J.-A.; Merlet J.; Loehr J.; Von Oppen J.; Loffler J.; Benito Alonso J.L.; Cardoso-Mohedano J.-G.; Penuelas J.; Morina J.C.; Quinde J.D.; Jimnez J.J.; Alatalo J.M.; Seeber J.; Kemppinen J.; Stadler J.; Kriiska K.; Van Den Meersche K.; Fukuzawa K.; Szlavecz K.; Juhos K.; Gerhtov K.; Lajtha K.; Jennings K.; Jennings J.; Ecology P.; Hoshizaki K.; Green K.; Steinbauer K.; Pazianoto L.; Dienstbach L.; Yahdjian L.; Williams L.J.; Brigham L.; Hanna L.; Hanna H.; Rustad L.; Morillas L.; Silva Carneiro L.; Di Martino L.; Villar L.; Fernandes Tavares L.A.; Morley M.; Winkler M.; Lebouvier M.; Tomaselli M.; Schaub M.; Glushkova M.; Torres M.G.A.; De Graaff M.-A.; Pons M.-N.; Bauters M.; Mazn M.; Frenzel M.; Wagner M.; Didion M.; Hamid M.; Lopes M.; Apple M.; Weih M.; Mojses M.; Gualmini M.; Vadeboncoeur M.; Bierbaumer M.; Danger M.; Scherer-Lorenzen M.; Ruek M.; Isabellon M.; Di Musciano M.; Carbognani M.; Zhiyanski M.; Puca M.; Barna M.; Ataka M.; Luoto M.; H. Alsafaran M.; Barsoum N.; Tokuchi N.; Korboulewsky N.; Lecomte N.; Filippova N.; Hlzel N.; Ferlian O.; Romero O.; Pinto-Jr O.; Peri P.; Dan Turtureanu P.; Haase P.; Macreadie P.; Reich P.B.; Petk P.; Choler P.; Marmonier P.; Ponette Q.; Dettogni Guariento R.; Canessa R.; Kiese R.; Hewitt R.; Weigel R.; Kanka R.; Cazzolla Gatti R.; Martins R.L.; Ogaya R.; Georges R.; Gaviln R.G.; Wittlinger S.; Puijalon S.; Suzuki S.; Martin S.; Anja S.; Gogo S.; Schueler S.; Drollinger S.; Mereu S.; Wipf S.; Trevathan-Tackett S.; Stoll S.; Lfgren S.; Trogisch S.; Seitz S.; Glatzel S.; Venn S.; Dousset S.; Mori T.; Sato T.; Hishi T.; Nakaji T.; Jean-Paul T.; Camboulive T.; Spiegelberger T.; Scholten T.; Mozdzer T.J.; Kleinebecker T.; Runk T.; Ramaswiela T.; Hiura T.; Enoki T.; Ursu T.-M.; Di Cella U.M.; Hamer U.; Klaus V.; Di Cecco V.; Rego V.; Fontana V.; Piscov V.; Bretagnolle V.; Maire V.; Farjalla V.; Pascal V.; Zhou W.; Luo W.; Parker W.; Parker P.; Kominam Y.; Kotrocz Z.; Utsumi Y.Kwon T.; Shibata H.; Kepfer-Rojas S.; Schmidt I.K.; Larsen K.S.; Beier C.; Berg B.; Verheyen K.; Lamarque J.-F.; Hagedorn F.; Eisenhauer N.; Djukic I.; Caliman A.; Paquette A.; Gutierrez-Giron A.; Petraglia A.; Augustaitis A.; Saillard A.; Ruiz-Fernandez A.C.; Sousa A.I.; Lillebo A.I.; Da Rocha Gripp A.; Lamprecht A.; Bohner A.; Francez A.-J.; Malyshev A.; Andric A.; Stanisci A.; Zolles A.; Avila A.; Virkkala A.-M.; Probst A.; Ouin A.; Khuroo A.A.; Verstraeten A.; Stefanski A.; Gaxiola A.; Muys B.; Gozalo B.; Ahrends B.; Yang B.; Erschbamer B.; Rodriguez Ortiz C.E.; Christiansen C.T.; Meredieu C.; Mony C.; Nock C.; Wang C.-P.; Baum C.; Rixen C.; Delire C.; Piscart C.; Andrews C.; Rebmann C.; Branquinho C.; Jan D.; Wundram D.; Vujanovic D.; Adair E.C.; Ordonez-Regil E.; Crawford E.R.; Tropina E.F.; Hornung E.; Groner E.; Lucot E.; Gacia E.; Levesque E.; Benedito E.; Davydov E.A.; Bolzan F.P.; Maestre F.T.; Maunoury-Danger F.; Kitz F.; Hofhansl F.; Hofhansl G.; De Almeida Lobo F.; Souza F.L.; Zehetner F.; Koffi F.K.; Wohlfahrt G.; Certini G.; Pinha G.D.; Gonzlez G.; Canut G.; Pauli H.; Bahamonde H.A.; Feldhaar H.; Jger H.; Serrano H.C.; Verheyden H.; Bruelheide H.; Meesenburg H.; Jungkunst H.; Jactel H.; Kurokawa H.; Yesilonis I.; Melece I.; Van Halder I.; Quiros I.G.; Fekete I.; Ostonen I.; Borovsk J.; Roales J.; Shoqeir J.H.; Jean-Christophe Lata J.; Probst J.-L.; Vijayanathan J.; Dolezal J.; Sanchez-Cabeza J.-A.; Merlet J.; Loehr J.; Von Oppen J.; Loffler J.; Benito Alonso J.L.; Cardoso-Mohedano J.-G.; Penuelas J.; Morina J.C.; Quinde J.D.; Jimnez J.J.; Alatalo J.M.; Seeber J.; Kemppinen J.; Stadler J.; Kriiska K.; Van Den Meersche K.; Fukuzawa K.; Szlavecz K.; Juhos K.; Gerhtov K.; Lajtha K.; Jennings K.; Jennings J.; Ecology P.; Hoshizaki K.; Green K.; Steinbauer K.; Pazianoto L.; Dienstbach L.; Yahdjian L.; Williams L.J.; Brigham L.; Hanna L.; Hanna H.; Rustad L.; Morillas L.; Silva Carneiro L.; Di Martino L.; Villar L.; Fernandes Tavares L.A.; Morley M.; Winkler M.; Lebouvier M.; Tomaselli M.; Schaub M.; Glushkova M.; Torres M.G.A.; De Graaff M.-A.; Pons M.-N.; Bauters M.; Mazn M.; Frenzel M.; Wagner M.; Didion M.; Hamid M.; Lopes M.; Apple M.; Weih M.; Mojses M.; Gualmini M.; Vadeboncoeur M.; Bierbaumer M.; Danger M.; Scherer-Lorenzen M.; Ruek M.; Isabellon M.; Di Musciano M.; Carbognani M.; Zhiyanski M.; Puca M.; Barna M.; Ataka M.; Luoto M.; H. Alsafaran M.; Barsoum N.; Tokuchi N.; Korboulewsky N.; Lecomte N.; Filippova N.; Hlzel N.; Ferlian O.; Romero O.; Pinto-Jr O.; Peri P.; Dan Turtureanu P.; Haase P.; Macreadie P.; Reich P.B.; Petk P.; Choler P.; Marmonier P.; Ponette Q.; Dettogni Guariento R.; Canessa R.; Kiese R.; Hewitt R.; Weigel R.; Kanka R.; Cazzolla Gatti R.; Martins R.L.; Ogaya R.; Georges R.; Gaviln R.G.; Wittlinger S.; Puijalon S.; Suzuki S.; Martin S.; Anja S.; Gogo S.; Schueler S.; Drollinger S.; Mereu S.; Wipf S.; Trevathan-Tackett S.; Stoll S.; Lfgren S.; Trogisch S.; Seitz S.; Glatzel S.; Venn S.; Dousset S.; Mori T.; Sato T.; Hishi T.; Nakaji T.; Jean-Paul T.; Camboulive T.; Spiegelberger T.; Scholten T.; Mozdzer T.J.; Kleinebecker T.; Runk T.; Ramaswiela T.; Hiura T.; Enoki T.; Ursu T.-M.; Di Cella U.M.; Hamer U.; Klaus V.; Di Cecco V.; Rego V.; Fontana V.; Piscov V.; Bretagnolle V.; Maire V.; Farjalla V.; Pascal V.; Zhou W.; Luo W.; Parker W.; Parker P.; Kominam Y.; Kotrocz Z.; Utsumi Y

Effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on early to mid-term stage litter decomposition across biomes

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9-1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate. © Copyright © 2021 Kwon, Shibata, Kepfer-Rojas, Schmidt, Larsen, Beier, Berg, Verheyen, Lamarque, Hagedorn, Eisenhauer, Djukic and TeaComposition Network

Organisation du système racinaire du chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) développé en conditions édaphiques non contraignantes (sol brun lessivé colluvial)

La densité racinaire, l'inclinaison, l'extension latérale et en profondeur des racines ont été mesurées sur des chênes pédonculés âgés de 150 ans et établis dans un sol brun lessivé colluvial. Les matériaux pédologiques, limono-argileux puis argilo-limoneux, ont été étudiés en parallèle. Ils sont accumulés sur 4 m d'épaisseur au-dessus d'une roche calcaire karstifiée. Le sol actuel, ainsi que les horizons pédogénéisés sous-jacents, permettent un développement racinaire sans contrainte physique ou chimique, jusqu'à la roche. Les chênes pédonculés ont un système racinaire qui peut être divisé en 2 parties : le système de surface, qui s'étend jusqu'à 60 cm de profondeur et le système profond, situé en dessous de 60 cm. Au niveau du système de surface et dans un rayon de 3 m autour de l'arbre, l'enracinement est intensif et composé de racines de tous diamètres (moins de 1 mm à plus de 10 cm), avec une densité racinaire maximale. Les racines ont une inclinaison de 80-85° par rapport à la verticale. L'enracinement extensif peut s'étendre jusqu'à une distance de 20 m de l'arbre. Le système racinaire profond, qui se développe dans un rayon de 2-2,5 m, est subdivisé en 2 parties : de 60 à 120 cm (système profond intensif) et en dessous de 120 cm, jusqu'à plus de 4 m (système profond extensif). Il est composé de racines subverticales (pivots). Une estimation des volumes de sol prospectés de façon intensive et extensive donne respectivement 17 et 800 m3.Common oak (Quercus robur) root system organisation developed without restricting edaphic conditions (colluvial leached brown soil). The root density, slope, and the lateral and depth extension of root spreading have been measured in 150-yr old common oaks (Quercus robur) growing on colluvial leached brown soil. A parallel study was also performed on the clayey silt then silty clay soil materials, which had accumulated to a depth of 4 m above karstified calcareous rock. The soil and the underlying layers permitted the root system to develop without any physical or chemical constraints as far as the rock. The root system of common oak can be divided into 2 parts: the surface system which spreads between 0-60 cm in depth; and the deep system below 60 cm. In a 3-m radius around the tree at the surface system level rooting was intensive and consisted of roots of varying diameters (from 10 cm), with a maximum root density. Roots sloped at an angle of 80-85 °C with respect to the vertical. The extensive rooting could spread up to 20 m from the tree. The deep system spread 2-2.5 m and was composed of sub vertical roots (tap roots). It can be divided in 2 parts: the intensive deep system, from 60-120 cm; and the extensive deep system, from 120 cm to > 400 cm. The volumes of the intensive and extensive soil examined were estimated at 17 and 800 m3 respectively

Influence de l'humidité du sol et de la distribution des racines sur le potentiel hydrique du xylème dans des peuplements de chêne (Quercus sp) de basse altitude

Les variations du potentiel hydrique du xylème de rameaux de chênes adultes (Quercus sp) ont été mises en relation avec les variations des paramètres climatiques, température et hygrométrie, avec celles des paramètres pédologiques, humidité volumique et potentiel hydrique du sol, et avec les différents types de prospection racinaire. Les mesures ont été effectuées dans 3 stations de l'étage collinéen durant une saison de végétation. Une des stations est établie sur un sol très profond (4,5 m) ne présentant pas d'obstacle à l'enracinement. La seconde repose sur un sol profond (3 m) hydromorphe montrant une contrainte à l'enracinement à 50 cm de profondeur. La dernière présente également une contrainte à 50 cm et la roche calcaire apparaît à 150 cm. Les calculs de régressions multiples pas à pas montrent que le potentiel du xylème varie au cours de la journée en fonction du potentiel atmosphérique et de l'humidité volumique du sol mesurée entre 40 et 50 cm et entre 80 et 90 cm de profondeur. Les relations sont différentes selon la station considérée : plus le sol est contraignant pour l'enracinement, plus le potentiel du xylème est lié aux conditions atmosphériques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le système racinaire profond assure l'alimentation en eau en conditions de sécheresse. De plus, les 2 espèces de chêne étudiées réagissent au stress hydrique de manière identique.Influence of soil humidity and roots distribution on xylem water potential in low altitude oak (Quercus sp) planting. The variations in xylem water potential of Quercus sp twigs were studied in comparison with the different types of rooting prospection and changes in air temperature and hygrometry, soil bulk moisture and soil water potential. Measurements were performed in 3 different sites. One of the populations was established on very deep soil (4.5 m) without any rooting constraint. The second was on hydromorphic deep soil with a rooting constraint at 50 cm depth. The third also displayed a constraint at 50 cm and calcareous rocks appeared at 150 cm. Stepwise multiple regressions show that the xylem potential fluctuates during the day in accordance with the atmospheric potential and soil bulk moisture, measured between 40 and 50 cm and 80 and 90 cm depth. The relationships were different according to the station: the more the soil is constrained for rooting, the more the xylem potential is related to atmospheric conditions. Results show that deep rooting is accountable for water supply during dry conditions. The 2 oak species and their hybrids react identically at water stress

La biomasse des racines de Douglas-Fir et type d'enracinement en relation avec le type de sols dans des régions de moyenne altitude (Monts du Beaujolais, France)

International audienceDouglas-fir is the main reforestation species in the French Massif Central area (14.000 ha), but a little is known about its rooting strategy according to soil conditions. These information have important implications for choosing better soils for settling Douglas-fir, and consequently limiting risks of failure, pests or diseases. Consequently, the influence of edaphic conditions on root patterns of dominant Douglas-fir was studied over a large range of ecological conditions in a mid-elevation area of the French Massif Central (Beaujolais Mounts). Root systems were studied extensively with the trench profile wall technique and the sector method in 74 pure and even-aged Douglas-fir stands. The stands were chosen as representative of soils conditions among 165 stands in an auto-ecological study. The rooting patterns were related to seven typical soil profiles, and to root profile groups. Results stressed that edaphic constraints due to substratum and soil structures have a strong influence on root system morphology. Important variations in root biomass and vertical distribution were highlighted among soils. Small fine root biomass is maximal for soils without any major edaphic constraint. The vertical distribution of fine root biomass is positively correlated for some soil types with organic C, total N, and most cations. It was negatively for some types correlated with the amount of exchangeable aluminum and coarse fragments, and with constraining rock facies. But harsher soils showed no correlation between soil chemical variables and fine-root biomass. A practical implication is that Douglas-fir seems to be a pliable and adaptive species: variation in habit and root system biomass are considerable within a study area which was reputed as uniform.Douglas-Fir est l'espèce la plus utilisée pour la reforestation du Massif Central français (14.000 ha), mais on en sait très peu sur son enracinement selon le type de sol. Ces informations ont des implications très importantes quant au choix du sol afin de limiter les risques d'échec ou maladies. Par conséquent, l'influence des conditions édaphiques sur le schéma d'enracinement du principal Douglas-Fir a été étudié dans de nombreuses conditions écologiques dans des régions à altitude moyenne du Massif Central français (monts du Beaujolais). Les systèmes d'enracinement ont été intensément étudiés avec la technique murale de tranchée et la méthode de secteur dans 74 plots de Douglas-Fir de même âge. Les plots ont été choisis pour représenter les conditions du sol parmi les 165 plots dans une étude écologique. Les schémas d'enracinement ont été reliés à sept profiles typiques de sols et à des groupes de profils de racines. Les résultats soulignent que les contraintes édaphiques dues aux structures du substrat et du sol ont une influence forte sur la morphologie du système d'enracinement. Des variations importantes de la biomasse des racines et la distribution verticale ont été démontre parmi les types de sols. La biomasse des racines fines et petites est maximale pour les sols sans contraintes édaphiques majeure. La distribution verticale de la biomasse des racines fines est positivement corrélée pour certains types de sol au carbone organique, l'azote total et la plupart des cations. C'est une corrélation négative pour certains avec l'aluminium échangeable et des gros fragments et avec des faciès contraignant de rochers. Mais les sols les plus difficiles ne montrent pas de corrélation entre les variables chimiques du sol et la biomasse des racines fines. Une implication pratique est que le Douglas-Fir semble être une espèce qui peut s'adapter : la variation de l'habitat et de la biomasse du type de racine sont considérables dans l'aire d'étude qui est réputée comme étant uniforme

Genome-wide analysis of TNF-alpha response in pigs challenged with porcine circovirus 2b

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a role in activating adaptive immunity to viral infections. By inhibiting the capacity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce interferon-α and TNF-α, porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) limits the maturation of myeloid dendritic cells and impairs their ability to recognize viral and bacterial antigens. Previously, we reported QTL for viremia and immune response in PCV2- infected pigs. In this study, we analyzed phenotypic and genetic relationships between TNFα protein levels, a potential indicator of predisposition to PCV2 co-infection, and PCV2 susceptibility. Following experimental challenge with PCV2b, TNF-α reached the peak at 21 days post-infection (dpi), at which time a difference was observed between pigs that expressed extreme variation in viremia and growth (P \u3c 0.10). A genome-wide association study (n = 297) revealed that genotypes of 56 433 SNPs explained 73.9% of the variation in TNF-α at 21 dpi. Major SNPs were identified on SSC8, SSC10 and SSC14. Haplotypes based on SNPs from a SSC8 (9 Mb) 1-Mb window were associated with variation in TNF-α (P \u3c 0.02), IgG (P = 0.05) and IgM (P \u3c 0.13) levels at 21 dpi. Potential overlap of regulatory mechanisms was supported by the correlations between genomic prediction values of TNF-α and PCV2 antibodies (21 dpi, r \u3e 0.22), viremia (14–21 dpi, P \u3e 0.29) and viral load (r = 0.31, P \u3c 0.0001). Characterization of the QTL regions uncovered genes that could influence variation in TNF-α levels as well as T- and B-cell development, which can affect disease susceptibility

Variations in the transfer of radiocesium (137Cs) and radiostrontium (90Sr) from milk to cheese

This study aimed to compare the transfer of 2 manmade radionuclides, radiocesium (137Cs) and radiostron- tium (90Sr), from cow milk to whey and cheese in 3 different types of French cheese production with rennet coagulation. Most of the 137Cs was present in the aque- ous phase and became concentrated in the whey. For 137Cs transfer to whey, the processing factor (Pf; i.e., the ratio of the activity concentrations) ranged between 0.86 and 1.30 (n = 12). The food processing retention factor (Fr), calculated using the processing efficiency, ranged between 0.85 and 1.19 (n = 9). No statistical difference of Pf and Fr to whey is identified for 137Cs and the cheese products. The Pf calculated for 90Sr transfer to cheese ranged between 3.95 and 12.16, with significant differences depending on the type of cheese. In addition, a linear correlation is observed between 90Sr Pf to cheese and the Ca level in the cheese (r2 = 0.57). Thus, the Pf is enhanced in hard cheeses that are enriched in calcium. This is confirmed by nearly constant Fr values, ranging between 0.66 and 0.83. © American Dairy Science Association, 2009